Scope of Anticipatory Bail

Anticipatory Bail

Questions of law arising from grant of anticipatory bail:

(1)Whether the protection granted to a person under Section 438 Cr.P.C. should be limited to a fixed period so as to enable the person to surrender before the Trial Court and seek regular bail.

(2)Whether the life of an anticipatory bail should end at the time and stage when the accused is summoned by the court.”

That the following need to be kept in mind by courts, dealing with applications under Section 438, Cr. PC:

(1) Consistent with the judgment in Shri Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia and others v. State of Punjab (1980 (2) SCC 565), when a person complains of apprehension of arrest and approaches for order,the application should be based on concrete facts (and not vague or general allegations) relatable to one or other specific offence. The application seeking anticipatory bail should contain bare essential facts relating to the offence, and why the applicant reasonably apprehends arrest, as well as his side of the story. These are essential for the court which should consider his application, to evaluate the threat or apprehension, its gravity or seriousness and the appropriateness of any condition that may have to be imposed. It is not essential that an application should be moved only after an FIR is filed; it can be moved earlier, so long as the facts are clear and there is reasonable basis for apprehending arrest.

Criminal law and trial of offences in India

Criminal Law in India:

Crime investigation and trial of offences in India is governed by Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. Offences governed by Indian Penal Code 1860 besides other specialised laws e.g. Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Evidence of witnesses during trial is to be evaluated on the touch stone of Evidence Act, 1872. Children and Juvenile have special law called JJ Act. Prison Conditions are governed by Prisons Act.

Apart from above legislations, there are numerous directions, guidelines and cautions by Supreme Court to protect the personal liberty, human rights and human dignity under article 21 of the Constitution of India.

This book is an attempt to assimilate basic knowledge from all these sources so as to assist in each stage of criminal proceedings starting with crime investigation, bail, trial and even after the conviction and sentencing of a person.

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Right of Government to ensure better education in minority institutions of education.

Whether the provisions, namely, Sections 8, 10, 11 and 12 of the Commission Act are ultra vires and whether these provisions transgress the right of minority institutions guaranteed under the Constitution of India?

“It is difficult to comprehend that the framers of the Constitution would have given such an absolute right to the religious or linguistic minorities, which would enable them to establish and administer educational institutions in a manner so as to be in conflict with the other Parts of the Constitution. ……..The right under Article 30(1) has, therefore, not been held to be absolute or above other provisions of the law, and we reiterate the same. By the same analogy, there is no reason why regulations or conditions concerning, generally, the welfare of students and teachers should not be made applicable in order to provide a proper academic atmosphere, as such provisions do not in any way interfere with the right of administration or management under Article 30(1).” Continue reading “Right of Government to ensure better education in minority institutions of education.” →

Corruption in India (History, Law and Politics)

Corruption in India

India is the only living ancient civilization which will soon be the most populous country in the World. Corruption remains India’s biggest problem. In last about 72 years since India’s independence, numerous laws and authorities have been created by India to deal with the menace of corruption.

An ebook on Corruption:

Even though several Chief Ministers, Ministers, Officials etc. are serving sentences of imprisonment in different prisons, the menace of corruption has not subsided. Since 2014 the India may have improved it’s transparency rating but this does not change the ground realities of laws and enforcement authorities which are placed in a precarious flip flop course.

Continue reading →